Communication and crisis Essay

The paper centers around basic correspondence in the network emergency circumstance depicted in the gave situation. The paper incorporates the accompanying: The people or gatherings that will convey inside and outside the association during this emergency circumstance Potential focal points and difficulties related with imparting inside the association and with the general population and private divisions during this emergency circumstance Differences in correspondence forms utilized in emergency circumstances, including what you gained from the circumstances in the situation and how you may consolidate that information to improve human services correspondence procedures Appropriate innovation, for example, web-based social networking, influencing correspondence during the emergency circumstance and how these advances might be utilized to upgrade correspondence How innovation may be utilized distinctively now than it was during the emergency circumstances portrayed in the situation Media openings during this administration emergency The paper refers to at least three sources, one from the University Library and another from the course readings or Electronic Reserve Readings, to help the paper’s position. Extra Comments: The paperâ€including the cover sheet, reference page, tables, and any appendicesâ€is reliable with APA rules as coordinated by the facilitator. The paper is spread out with compelling utilization of headings, textual style styles, and void area. Rules of syntax, utilization, and accentuation are followed; spelling is right. <p

Military History Timeline From 1401 to 1600

Military History Timeline From 1401 to 1600 The military history of the 1400s and 1500s was brimming with fights in the Hundred Years War among France and England and was set apart by the life and passing of Joan of Arc. This lump of history saw the fall of the Byzantine Empire, the ultimate result of the English Wars of the Roses, the Eighty Years War, the Thirty Years War, and the Nine Years War, among numerous other grisly clashes. The 1400s and the Hundred Years War On July 20, 1402, Timur won the Battle of Ankara in the Ottoman-Timurid Wars. After a year, on July 21, 1403, in Britain, Henry IV won the Battle of Shrewsbury. The Teutonic Knights were vanquished July 15, 1410, during the Polish-Lithuanian-Teutonic War at the Battle of Grunwald (Tannenberg). In the progressing Hundred Years War, Henry V attacked and caught Harfleur from August 18 to September 22, 1415. Later that year, on October 25, the French powers were beaten by Henry V at the Battle of Agincourt. On January 19, 1419, Rouen, France gave up to the English ruler Henry V. The Hussite Wars started July 30, 1419, with the First Defenestration of Prague. Scottish and French powers vanquished the English at the Battle of Baugã © on March 21, 1421, in another skirmish of the Hundred Years War. On July 31, 1423, the English won the Battle of Cravant. The Duke of Bedford won the Battle of Verneuil on August 17, 1424. On September 5, 1427, French powers broke the attack of Montargis. The Hundred Years War kept on seething as the decade progressed. From October 12, 1428, to May 8, 1429, the Siege of Orleans was pursued, with Joan of Arc in the end sparing the city. On February 12, 1429, Sir John Fastolf won the Battle of the Herrings. Close to the decade's end, on June 18, 1429, the French won the Battle of Patay. In a definitive and history-production snapshot of the Hundred Years War, Joan of Arc was executed at Rouen on May 30, 1431. The Hussites won the Battle of Taus on August 14, 1431, during the Hussite Wars. The Hussite Wars strife successfully finished May 30, 1434, after the Battle of Lipany. The Fall of the Byzantine Empire and the End of War The Hundred Years War proceeded on April 15, 1450, when the Comte de Clermont vanquished the English at the Battle of Formigny. The Second Ottoman Siege of Constantinople was directed from April 2 to May 29, 1453, bringing about the fall of the Byzantine Empire and adequately finishing the Byzantine-Ottoman Wars. The English armed force, under the Earl of Shrewsbury, was beaten at the Battle of Castillon on July 17, 1453, an occasion that shut down the Hundred Years War. The Wars of the Roses The Wars of the Roses started May 22, 1455, when the First Battle of St. Albans brought about a triumph for the Yorkist cause. The House of York appreciated another triumph in the continuous clash on September 23, 1459, when the Earl of Salisbury won the Battle of Blore Heath for the Yorkists. The contention proceeded on July 10, 1460, when King Henry VI was caught during the Battle of Northampton. Richard, Duke of York was crushed and slaughtered at the Battle of Wakefield on December 30, 1460. The Yorkists won the Battle of Mortimers Cross on February 2, 1461. Edward IV was broadcasted ruler on March 4, after the Lancastrian powers won the Second Battle of St. Albans on February 17, 1461. Edward IV triumphed at the Battle of Towton March 29, 1461. In Japan, a debate between Hosokawa Katsumoto and Yamana SÃ¥ zen swelled into the Onin War, which was pursued from July 1467 to July 1477. Back in England on July 26, 1469, the Lancastrians succeeded at the Battle of Edgecote Moor in the as yet progressing Wars of the Roses. The Earl of Warwick was murdered at the Battle of Barnet on April 14, 1471, in another conclusive snapshot of the Wars of the Roses. Edward IV recovered the seat on May 4 of that year, subsequent to winning the Battle of Tewkesbury. Portugal was vanquished at the Battle of Toro in the War of the Castilian Succession on March 1, 1476. War Begins and Ends for France and England Over in France, the Burgundian Wars emitted when Duke Charles of Burgundy was beaten at the Battle of Granson on March 2, 1476. Swiss powers crushed the Duke of Burgundy at the Battle of Murten (Morat) on June 22, 1476. Duke Charles was crushed and executed at the Battle of Nancy on January 5, 1477, finishing the Burgundian Wars. It was the start of the end for the Wars of the Roses on August 22, 1485, when Henry Tudor triumphed at the Battle of Bosworth Field and became King Henry VII. The last commitment of the Wars of the Roses was faced at the Conflict of Stoke Field on June 16, 1487. The Reconquista finished January 2, 1492, when Spanish powers caught Granada from the Moors, finishing the contention. Sixty-three years of contention started in October 1494 with the French intrusion of Italy, the occasion that propelled the Italian Wars. 1500s Military Conflicts Begin French powers won the Battle of Ravenna April 11, 1512, in a conclusive snapshot of the War of the League of Cambrai. In the following part of the contention, the Scottish powers were squashed at the Battle of Flodden on September 9, 1513. Somewhere else on the planet, Ottoman powers won the Battle of Chaldiran over the Safavid Empire on August 23, 1514. The War of the League of Cambrai proceeded with September 13 and 14, 1515, when the French vanquished the Swiss at the Battle of Marignano. Majestic and Spanish powers vanquished and caught Francis I at the Battle of Pavia on February 24, 1525, as the Italian Wars kept on unfurling. War Erupts Outside of Europe Babur won the First Battle of Panipat in the Mughal Conquests on April 21, 1526. In the Ottoman-Hungarian Wars, the Hungarian powers were severely vanquished at the Battle of Mohacs on August 29, 1526. In the continuous Mughal Conquests, the powers of Babur vanquished the Rajput Confederation to overcome northern India on March 17, 1527. Royal soldiers sacked the city of Rome on May 6, 1527, in a dim snapshot of the Italian Wars. The Ottoman-Habsburg Wars kept on seething from September 27 to October 14, 1529, when the Ottomans attacked Vienna yet had to withdraw. Swiss Catholics vanquished the Protestants of Zurich at the Battle of Kappel on October 11, 1531, during the Second War of Kappel. In 1539, Humayan was vanquished by the Sher-Shah at the Battle of Benares. The 1540s Bring War Back to England English maritime authority Sir Francis Drake was conceived in Tavistock, Devon in 1540, during the Anglo-Spanish War. The contention warmed up on November 24, 1542, when the Scottish powers were beaten at the Battle of Solway Moss. Ruler Galawdewos won the Battle of Wayna Daga on February 21, 1543, during the Ethiopian-Adal War. Scottish soldiers crushed the English at the Battle of Ancrum Moor on February 27, 1545, during the Anglo-Scottish Wars. During the Schmalkaldic War, protestant powers were beaten at the Battle of Mã ¼hlberg on April 24, 1547. The Anglo-Scottish Wars proceeded with when the English won the Battle of Pinkie Cleugh over the Scots on September 10, 1547. Mughal powers vanquished rebels at the Second Battle of Panipat on November 5, 1556. The Battle of Kawanakajima, a contention among Takeda and Uesugi powers, was pursued on September 10, 1561, in Japan. Many years of War The powers of Oda Nobunaga directed the effective attack of Ishiyama Hongan-ji from August 1570 to August 1580 in Japan. The Holy League vanquished the Ottomans at the definitive Battle of Lepanto on October 7, 1571, finishing the Ottoman-Habsburg Wars. Mughal powers won the Battle of Tukaroi over the Sultanate of Bangala and Bihar on March 5, 1575. Albrecht von Wallenstein was conceived in Bohemia September 24, 1583, during the Thirty Years War. English maritime powers assaulted the Spanish port of Cadiz from April 12 to July 6, 1587, during the Anglo-Spanish War. In fights seething from July 19 to August 12, 1588, English maritime powers crushed the incredible Spanish Armada. English and Dutch powers caught and consumed the Spanish city of Cadiz from June 30 to July 15, 1596. Maurice of Nassau won the Battle of Turnhout on January 24, 1597, during the Eighty Years War. English powers were beaten at the Battle of Curlew Pass on August 15, 1599, during the Nine Years War. The Eighty Years War proceeded through the finish of the 1500s when the Dutch won a strategic triumph at the Battle of Nieuwpoort on July 2, 1600.

We Were Deferred

We Were Deferred MIT was our dream school. The blogs were one of the main reasons for that. We read the blogs religiously throughout high school. We followed the tails of the bloggers, laughed at their jokes (or in the case of Ceri’s vlogs, her friend’s jokes too), cheered at their accomplishments, and sympathized with their struggles. Their experiences, although adding up to only a small sample of MIT experiences, painted a beautifully complex, diverse, flawed, and unique depiction of MIT, an MIT we saw ourselves living and learning in. We dreamed about applying all throughout high school, questioned if our test scores were good enough, stressed if the activities we did were the “right” ones, imagined our interviews hundreds of times before they happened, and thought about them endlessly after they happened to try to remember if we said everything we wanted to. Early Action decision day was on a Wednesday for us. We honestly can’t remember anything extremely special or specific or memorable or out-of-the-ordinary that happened during that day at school. At that point, it was already the end of semester crunch, so we were probably just going through the motions 1st class, 2nd, break, 3rd class, etc. After getting out at 2:20pm, we had a 0-45 min wait time for our bus depending on how ready/not sleep deprived we were to run the 10-minute-walk to our bus stop to get there by 2:26 pm, the time our bus fairly regularly arrived at. We definitely wanted to kill time that day (since decisions came out at 6:28 pm), so we didnt even try running as we usually would try to do, we missed the first bus, and we got on the second. Then, there was the actual 1-1.5 hour commute depending on traffic. After getting home and eating food, it was probably around 5:15 pm. We had a little over an hour to kill, so we definitely watched something, probably a youtu be video or many from the cooking or art or artsy cooking youtube channel we were obsessed with then. We didn’t check our decisions exactly at 6:28 pm, so we must have done a great job at distracting ourselves. We actually only realized what the time was when a friend texted us, asking us about our decisions. It was probably 6:30 or 6:31 pm. We logged in. Our letters wouldnt load for a dreadfully long time. Here is a gif portraying the eternal and existential dread that we faced in that moment. (length warning: 17 seconds. content warning: it’s weird (but hopefully also funny)) Danny’s decision finished loading first, and then Allan’s shortly after. Yep, DA twins got DAferred (sorry not sorry for the pun). We were both faced with that infamous letter that boiled down to “to be determined.” We were really upset. We didn’t get the “yes” we had hoped for and worked for for so long. It felt like defeat. We knew that it wasn’t a “no”. And we knew that people have gotten in after being deferred. We read posts just like this one. But we couldn’t help feeling the way we did. We had many long conversations reevaluating everything we had done in high school to try to find that *one* thing that caused our deferrals. We regretted not doing more. We tried comparing ourselves to others we knew of that got in. We just thought a lot. It wasn’t healthy. With that said, things did get better. The force of gravity is inversely proportional to distance (okay technically distance squared, but who’s keeping track) and that definitely held true with the distance from the event. The further we got from December 16th, the less heavy it began to feel. We began to think about the whole thing more reasonably. We had been given another chance. Sure it’s slim, but still, a chance is chance. When winter break hit, we had to forget about MIT to finish up all our other applications. This process honestly helped us. Because to be totally honest, we had done very minimal research into other colleges (comparatively to the amount we did into MIT) until we applied to them during winter break. And the deferral from MIT became less painful when we, for the first time in all of high school, really allowed ourselves to see our futures in schools that weren’t MIT. After having that experience, we realized how potentially toxic the idea of a dream school can be, or at least how toxic it was for us. As the saying goes, “don’t put all your eggs in one basket.” It’s totally fine and even great if you are really passionate about one school, but there is absolutely no harm and only benefit in looking into and being really passionate about more than one school. This is something we wished we would have realized, because it would’ve saved us a lot of stress and heart-ache in the long run. Envision multiple futures and find the happiness in every option. After we finished applying to colleges, we tried being as calm as possible about all our pending decisions. But we definitely had moments scouring admissions statistics pages, many of which felt like they said, “rounding up, we accept 0% of applicants.” When not doing the above, we continued doing what we’ve done throughout high school. Continued doing math club. Continued trying really hard in our classes. Continued taking challenging ones. Continued applying to scholarships. Continued knitting, and art-ing, and practicing piano. Just continued. We put some things in our fun form, like a recent math-shape knitting project, and our current status in a scholarship. As more things happened after submitting the fun form, like updates from the scholarship, results from a math competition, and getting onto a math team for a different competition, we emailed MIT admissions and all the other schools we had applied to. If there was one thing that we felt we did correctly (or as correct as you can possibly feel while navigating the complex-messy-maze that is applying to college), it was that we didn’t give into our initial feelings of doubt or lose motivation after our deferrals. No matter how discouraging it might feel, don’t let a co llege decision weigh you down. Use it instead as motivation to excel. This is really vague and you may not know what to do with that lofty phrase, but in the case of senior year, just dont get a really bad case of senioritis. Thats easier said than done, as with most things involving this time of high school. But youre almost finished, so really try your best to end the quarter, semester, term, year, whatever off strongly! A few days before pi day, we felt that force of gravity again. We were so close to finding out about our rejection. We accepted expected it. It was a Monday. We walked to our bus stop again. “Welp, today is the day. Ahhhh…. Yep.. okay yeaahhhhhh……………..aaaaaaaaa….” We got home again at probably around 5:15 pm. We distracted ourselves. Logged in. Waited for our screens to load. It was all too familiaruntil…itwasn’t…. When our screens loaded, we were in shock. Utter shock. We immediately told our parents. And messaged our friends. Had this decision come in the early cycle, we would have *immediately* decided that we would be committing. But because of how much we began looking at other schools by the time of regular action, we did not have that certainty. We only actually decided that we would comMIT after CPW, after experiencing the MIT culture that we fell in love with initially through the blogs, and parted ways with from December to March. It was a full circle experience that we do not regret. The applying-to-college process can be really hard. It was for us. So, we just want to let you know, that no matter what any decisions may seem like they are telling you, you are worth it. If you get in after being deferred, thats great, and we hope to see you on campus! But if not (or if you didnt in early action), and many dont unfortunately, you will take your talents and passions to a different school that will be so lucky to have you. Or you will take a gap year. Or you will go to a school and then transfer. Or you will start a company. Or maybe end up at MIT for grad school. Or you will the list is honestly endless. There is a world of possibilities. Making it this far is already something to be proud of and, whether MIT will be a part of your future or not, continue pursuing your dreams and make the world a better place (wow that probably sounds really cheesy, but we really mean it genuinely). And one last thing. Between all the craziness that is senior year of high school, give yourself time to do the things you do for the pure joy of it, the things you wrote about in essay 1. And while doing that, forget about MIT, forget about the future. Be present. Be calm.  Breathe. And if it helps at all, here is a very long list of things we watch/listen to/enjoy when we want to de-stress: music (most from disney/pixar films/shorts)  that makes us happy Brave by Sara Bareilles With the Right Music by Rosser and Sohne   L.O.V.E. from The Parent Trap Handshake scene from The Parent Trap Send Me On My Way by Rusted Root from Matilda Hawaiian Rollercoaster Ride Lilo and Stitch Opening Scene from Lilo and Stitch I Can Go the Distance from Hercules I Wont Say Im in Love from Hercules The Gospel Truth from Hercules Journey to the Past from Anastasia Once Upon a December from Anastasia When Will My Life Begin from Tangled Touch the Sky from Brave Blue Umbrella  (Pixar short) Lava  (Pixar short) Le Festin from Ratatouille Opening Scene from Inside Out   How Far Ill Go from Moana Where You Are from Moana Here Comes a Thought from Steven Universe Peace and Love from Steven Universe Sadies Song from Steven Universe Stronger Than You from Steven Universe + music video Thats How You Know from Enchanted Almost There from Princess And the Frog musical soundtracks that make us happy (+ our favorite songs from them) Amélie introvert that likes to help people in paris, raspberry finger tip disease Times Are Hard for Dreamers   Tour de France mash-up of these two^ Anastasia lost russian princess finds her memories, family, and love In My Dreams My Petersburg Journey to the Past + live performance  + Darren Criss and Original Anastasia In a Crowd of Thousands  + studio recording Well Go From There A Very Potter Musical hilarious parody of Harry Potter. Also Draco watch it for Draco Back to Hogwarts A Very Potter Sequel Sequel to AVPM Coolest Girl  + Darren Criss version No way A Very Potter Senior Year A one time performance of the final installment of AVPM with the actual actress that played Luna Lovegood from the HP movies! F*** the tie Beautiful: The Carol King Musical about the legendary singer/songwriter Carol King Beautiful  + live performance I Feel the Earth Move Into the Woods A mish-mash of many fairy tales Agony On the Steps of the Palace Natasha, Pierre, and The Great Comet of 1812 THIS IS OUR ALL TIME FAVORITE MUSICAL. Based on a 70-page chunk of War and Peace, its about a Russian princess and her love story. No One Else + studio recording In My House  + studio recording Waitress   + Sara Bareilles singing most of the songs pies, falling in love with a doctor, and amazing music made by Sara Bareilles What Baking Can Do + an adorable kids cover of it and Sara Bareilles cheering him on When He Sees Me Bad Idea Opening Up (Finale)  + live performance mash-up videos that make us happy or laugh Dear Evan Hansen Getaway Cerulean Monologue Ellen BombShell Julie and Julia Meltdown Drunk History Julia Child History of Japan/Earth Ze Frank True Facts You Got This Travis Dear Kitty Ice Skating to Journey to the Past Ice Skating to Once Upon a December cartoons that make us happy (in order of shortest to longest) First episode of The Summoning Pilot of Infinity Train Bee and PuppyCat  (only first episode linked, but the rest are also on YouTube) Over the Garden Wall The Legend of Korra Avatar: the Last Airbender Steven Universe 3 you got this! we believe in you! 3 Post Tagged #Early Action #Pi Day

Recruitment And Retention Of Police Officers - 1908 Words

In recent years, recruitment and retention of police officers has been a pain point for many departments across the nation. Odd and inflexible hours, uncompetitive pay, para-militaristic organizational structures, and a negative public perception have all worked to diminish the pool of applicants interested in careers in law enforcement. Add to the mix the sexist â€Å"brotherhood† police culture, emphasis on masculinity and aggression, and the nearly non-existent opportunities for advancement for women, and over half of the eligible workforce has been discouraged from even considering a career in law enforcement. In 2013, women comprised just over 57% of the labor force, but accounted for only 13% of sworn police officers (USDOL, 2013; Crooke, 2013). Not only are women sorely underrepresented in the field of law enforcement, but those who are employed experience discrimination at the hands of their supervisors and coworkers, and as a result, the attrition rate for women is o ften much higher than that of their male counterparts. Departments should pledge dedication to recruiting and retaining more female officers, as research indicates that not only do females perform just as well as males in patrol positions, but they also have a unique set of advantages to offer agencies when employed in law enforcement. 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It is far more costly and time-consuming to recruit an officer than to retain one. Reducing retention problems can alleviate much of the need for recruiting (Wilson, 2010). The most fundamental human resource process in a law enforcement organization is the recruitment of a sufficient number of qualified applicantsRead MoreReview the Methods Used by Public Services to Ensure They Have a Diverse Workforce727 Words   |  3 PagesP5 - Review the methods used by Public Services to ensure they have a diverse workforce The Police Service are trying to recruit more female officers as well as more people from minority groups with an aim to have a more diverse workforce who can relate more to the public. Recently, it has been brought up that there is still institutional racism within the Police force, this, as well as many other reasons such as negative stereotyping, informal bias and assumptions from ethnic minority groups

Communism A Theory Or System Of Social Organization

Communism Communism is a theory or system of social organization based on the holding of all property in common, actual ownership being ascribed to the community as a whole or to the state. The word ‘communism’ derived from Latin word ‘communis’ which means common, universal. ( Dictionary Reference- Communism) In the 1840s, a German philosopher named Karl Marx published books that talking about Marxism which is known as communism nowadays. Marx said class struggle is a problem of the society. Marx founded the Communist Correspondence Committee in 1846. Their plan was to try and link socialist who live in different part of Europe. In this time many socialist leaders were influenced by Marxism. This is the begging of the communism. The concept of Marxism is socialism versus nationalism. Nationalism is based on ownership of property; however socialism is control and management of property by society. Marxism is based on socialism which property is controlled by society. Communism’s most important goal is reaching utopia. Utopia is made by Thomas More in 1516. It is a combination of Greek ‘Î µÃ¡ ½â€"’ which mean ‘good’ and ‘τÏÅ'πΠ¿Ãâ€šÃ¢â‚¬â„¢ which mean ‘place’. So utopia mean ‘good place’. But nowadays’ standard usage describes utopia as non-existing society that is much better than the society which we are living right now. Thomas More’s book, ‘Utopia’, describes how utopia really looks like. In the book, ’utopia’, There are 100, 0000 people living in this island. And there is no moneyShow MoreRelatedCommunism: A Theory Or System Of Social Organization Based1597 Words   |  7 PagesCommunism: a theory or system of social organization based on the holding of all property in common, with actual ownership being ascribed to the community as a whole or to the state (Dictionary.com). Communism is the ideology that abolishes all private property, and claims to abolish all social classes. The Communist Manifesto was a publication written by Karl Marx and Frederick Engels in 1847 and published in 1848. It was written to provide the platform of the Communist Party. Their intentionRead MoreCommunism: Its Origins and World Impact Essay1025 Words   |  5 PagesCommunism, a Basic Human Perspective! To this day people who were ruled by communist government still feel the pain and results from it. Communism can be seen as a theory and a system of both political and social organization that has had a great impact on the world through most of the twentieth century. Let us begin by defining what communism is, where it all began, who were some of the key people that played a major role in communism, and when it fell apart. There are many different definitionsRead MoreCommunism Vs. 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The characters in 1984 are trained to be collectivists because they stride for social harmony and the satisfaction in life is based on the success of the group as a whole. An example of this is everyone jobs is to make sure that Oceania succeeds againstRead MoreKarl Marx Essay922 Words   |  4 Pagesthe 1800s. Marx has his own economic theory, called Marxism. Marx, a radical Communist ideas and philosophies played important roles int the forming of Communist nations during the twentieth century. Marx’s ideas would and have influenced the course of history. Even today, well past his death his philosophies and ideas are still talked about. Marx’s ideas are captured in his book the Communist manifesto. Communism is â€Å"a theory or system of social organization  based on the holding of all propertyRead MoreThe New Communistic Approach993 Words   |  4 Pageswhich also meant the end of communism. 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After Karl finished school and earned a doctorate from the University of Jena in 1841, he wrote for Rheinische Zeitung, a radical newspaper in Cologne. During this time he began to work on his theory of the materialist conception of art. It is principally a theory of history according to which the materialRead MoreRelationship between Communism and Fascism984 Words   |  4 Pagesvirtually using anything available as in the case in 1939. Communism and Fascism are revolutionary moments that were majorly felt during the twentieth century across the world and specifically in European Countries such as Germany, Russia, Japan, and Italy among others. These two principles of governance have some common characteristics among them on one hand and differences at some instances. This paper tries show the relationship between Communism and Fascism, their similarities, differences and which

Disclosure Analysis Paper Free Essays

Individual – Disclosure Analysis Paper ACC 422 Intermediate Financial Accounting II February 25, 2013 Toys â€Å"R† Us, Inc. is the company that I will analyze. To analyze the disclosures of the company’s financial statement is important because it allows one to understand the position of the company. We will write a custom essay sample on Disclosure Analysis Paper or any similar topic only for you Order Now Toys â€Å"R† Us is one largest in the world toy retailers offering a selection of toys and baby products for families around the world. For more than 60 years, Toys â€Å"R† Us has been an all-time favorite for kids and grown-ups with many kinds of toys, games, learning aids, electronics, apparel and furniture. Merchandise is sold in 872 Toys â€Å"R† Us and Babies â€Å"R† Us stores in the United States and Puerto Rico and in more than 645 international stores and over 150 licensed stores in 35 countries and jurisdictions (About Toy â€Å"R† Us Corporate). One category to analyze is cash and cash equivalents which are the most liquid current assets. On the statement of cash flows, cash has a much broader definition than just seeing it as cash on hand and cash in the bank. It cash equivalents plays an important role within. Cash equivalents are short-term investments that are easily converted to cash but treated like cash. In the third quarter, Toys â€Å"R† Us showed $2. 3 billion of liquidity which included cash and cash equivalents of about $399 million and available lines of credit that totals about $1. 9 billion. The amount of cash used in the operating activities totaled to $449 million which was lower than the previous year (About Toy â€Å"R† US Corporate). Toy â€Å"R† Us along with other companies is responsible for disclosing components of cash and cash equivalents along totals from the cash flow statement with the equivalent items showing in the balance sheet. Extraordinary items, interest and dividends, taxes on income and foreign currency cash flows and non-cash transaction should be disclosed separately. Accounts receivable is another short-term liquid asset that results from credit sales to customers. Credit is offered to increase sales, uncollectible accounts associated with credit sales should be charged as expenses in the period in which the sales are made. A small number of customers account for a large share of Toy â€Å"R† US net sales and accounts receivable. Toy â€Å"R† Us receivables in 2012 are $236 million. Total current receivables make up 4. 6 percent of total assets for the year. Accounts and other receivables consist primarily of receivables from vendor allowances and consumer credit card and debit card transactions. The accounts receivable turnover compares the level of receivables with sales. Its allowance for doubtful accounts reduced to 2. 9 million in fiscal year 2011 to 2012. Toy â€Å"R† Us capital expenditure plays a major role of it long term toy and juvenile strategy (Toys â€Å"R† Us, Inc. ). By the end of the quarter the company had about $2 billion of liquidity, including cash and cash equivalents of about $6 million and unused available for lines of credit totaling $1 billion. Inventory is another current asset of a company. Inventory represents items held for resale that will go into the manufacturing of goods to be sold. Toy â€Å"R† Us financial disclosures states that the inventory balances of $3,551 on October 27, 2012 and $2,232 million on January 28, 2012. This financial disclosure wants investors to know that inventory on this statement were at completion. Toys â€Å"R† Us offers customers the Toys R Us Credit Cards, both by GE Capital Retail Bank. Toy â€Å"R† Us maintains disclosure controls and procedures that are designed to ensure and maintain information that is required to be disclosed in the financial reporting. The purpose of the disclosures notes to the financial reporting presents information which cannot be presented on income statement, balance sheet and statement of cash flows. Analyzing the disclosures contained within the notes to the financial statements is mainly conducted in order to identify the company financial performances, such as, cash and cash equivalents, receivables and its inventory. Toy â€Å"R† Us wants to be committed to maintaining and conducting its business with integrity ensuring that each asset, liability, expense and other transaction are disclosed accurately. The disclosure analysis defines whether or not the company under analysis is a good or bad investment for the company interested in acquisition (ehow. com). References Kieso, D. E. , Weygandt, J. J. , Warfield, T. D. (2010). Intermediate accounting (13th ed. ). Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley Sons. About US – Toy â€Å"R† Us Corporate, retrieved February 25, 2013 from http://www. toysrusinc. com How to Write a Disclosure Analysis Paper | eHow. com How to cite Disclosure Analysis Paper, Papers

Development of Concept of Contributory Negligence †Free Samples

Question: Discuss abou the Development of Concept of Contributory Negligence. Answer: Introduction The legal meaning of the word tort is a wrong" or a violation of ones obligations as imposed by the law. When someone violates the imposed duties, the other person concerned with those duties suffers some injuries. Such injuries could be either physical or to the properties. For a further understanding of the application of the law of tort, this paper will draw from two scenarios. The first one would be a scenario of an accident that involves Katie, Max, and Rita. Katie is the driver who causes the accident. Max is the pedestrian who is a victim of the accident. Max also had closed the road without obeying the traffic lights and also seeing Katie's vehicle approaching. Rita, an eyewitness, allegedly suffers a nervous breakdown which causes her future phobia about crossing streets. The second scenario that this paper will examine regards the case of XYZ Bank and Harry. Harry provides an untrue valuation that XYZ relies on while issuing a loan to its client, Robbie. Later, the bank suf fers loss due to Harry untrue reports. Katie, Max and Rita Issue This scenario is a combination two main issues; contributory negligence and psychiatric injuries. Particularly, Katie and Max claims would fall under contributory negligence. Rita issue would fall under the principles of psychiatric injuries or nervous breakdown. Rules of Law For a start, contributory negligence is a major defense against a claim of tort. This defense generally arises in situations where the plaintiffs failure to observe reasonable care contributes to their injuries(Dongen Verdam, 2016). In the past, common law could allow the defense of contributory negligence to defeat a plaintiff s claim especially where the court found the plaintiff had 100% contributory negligent. The recent statutory provisions have abolished that principle and they now provide for the apportionment of damages as per the plaintiffs degree to of contribution as stated in section 9 (Law Reform [Miscellaneous Provisions] Act , 1965). The section 9 (1) b allows the court to determine damages considering each partys negligent contributions to the damages. In other words, the defense would never fully exonerate the defendant from the claim(Goudkamp, 2015). A landmark case for this principles is (Podrebersek v Australian Iron and Steel , 1985). The plaintiff was working as a gas regulator in the defendants company. He screwed the gas valve badly leading to a gas that caused his injuries. The court found the employer 10% guilty of negligent while the plaintiff had 90% contributory negligent. Also, in ( Turkmani v Visvalingam , NSWCA 211), the court of appeal found that the claimant had 80% contributory negligent. The claimant was jogging in a Dont Walk intersection when he was struck by the defendants van. On the part of Rita, the claim falls within the scope of pure psychiatric injuries. While handling these cases, courts create a distinction between primary and secondary victims. Primary victims are those who are actual victims the incident while secondary victims are eyewitnesses and people who arrive at the scene immediately after the incidence(Strong Williams, 2011). In a general sense, the defendant owes no duty to the world for preventing people from seing a shock. Therefore, for a court to allow a secondary victim to claim psychiatric injuries, the following elements must be available; There must be a close bond of love and affection between the primary and secondary victim. There is always a close among spouses, parents, and children. Anyone who is not among these people must provide a reasonable connection. Secondly, the court also requires a geographical closeness to the scene of the incidence or its aftermath(Mulheron, 2016). Courts require the claimant to be either at present or arrive soon after the incident. Stories from third parties of television do not substantiate geographical proximity. In (Janesch v Coffey, 1984) the claimant suffered nervous shock after seing her husbands injuries in the hospital. The court awarded her the claimed damages after finding that there was proximity even though the wife was not at the scene of the accident. Lastly, there should be a medical proof of psychiatric illness that a claimant alleges to have suffered(Mullis Oliphant, 2011). In summary, the South Australian section 53,(1b) of ( Civil Liability Act , 1936) limits secondary victims claim that for one, the claimant Is a parent, spouse, domestic partner or child of a person killed, injured or endangered in the accident. Conclusion Following the cases above, it is very likely that the damages of Max against Katie would be calculated proportionally. The court would find Katie negligent, but it would also find that Max contributed to his damages as he should have respected the Red-light warning. For the case of Rita, the claim would fail since Rita is a secondary victim who has no close tie of love or affection to Max. Therefore, Rita does not meet the requirements of section 53,(1b) of ( Civil Liability Act , 1936). XYZ Bank and Harry Issue The main issue in this case is pure economic loss caused by a negligent statement. Rules of Law The general rule that applies to cases of pure economic loss is very strict. Where a claimant brings a claim where the core of the claim is pure economic loss, courts award very limited damages under the tort of negligence(Sabapathy, 2009). However, if the claimant demonstrates that a contract existed between him and the defendant, then the court will allow the claim. The law will always dismiss a claim for pure economic loss where there are no physical injuries, no contracts, and no property damages(Ramello Porrini, 2011). The general rule that applies to cases of pure economic loss is very strict. Where a claimant brings a claim where the core of the claim is pure economic loss, courts award very limited damages under the tort of negligence. However, if the claimant demonstrates that a contract existed between him and the defendant, then the court will allow the claim(Ramello Porrini, 2011). The law will always dismiss a claim for pure economic loss where there are no physical injuries, no contracts, and no property damages. Regarding XYZ Bank and Harry scenario, there are special circumstances where a claim a court will allow a claim of pure economic loss resulting from misstatement. In such cases, the claim has to meet the following requirements. For one, the defendant must have sufficient knowledge that his statement would be used elsewhere to make financial decisions. It is not a requirement that the defendant knew the person who would use the statement. In (Esanda Finance Corporation Limited V Peat Marwick Hungerfords, 1997), the plaintiff relied on the defendants audited accounts while offering credit to Excel, a defendants client. The accounts were misstated, and the plaintiff could not recover its loan. The court found that the defendant owed no duty to the plaintiff as was not negligent as they did not know whether anyone would use the accounts to issue credit. Secondly, the misstatement should have direct connection to the claimed transaction. Lastly, the claimant must demonstrate that defendan t reasonably expected him rely on that statement without seeking further advice. In (Shaddock V Parramatta City Council, 1981), the case succeeded since all the three elements were present. The claimant intended to purchase a property within the Councils area of operation. Shaddocks solicitor requested the council to provide information regarding the status of the property in terms of proposals for widening the roads. The defendant carelessly told the claimant that there was no proposal whereas there was one in fact. The misstatement caused the claimant a loss. The court found the defendant guilty since it was aware that the claimant would rely on that information. The appellants claimed that they had sustained loss by reason of their reliance on erroneous information supplied to them innocently but negligently by the respondent. The trial judge found that the respondent had been careless but that it owed no relevant duty of care to the appellants. This decision was affirmed by the Court of Appeal on appeal to the High Court. Conclusion Following the above analysis, it is likely that Harry would be liable for the damages suffered by XYZ bank due to reliance on Harrys untrue statement.(Pitts v Hunt , 1990) It is possible that Harry, a friend to Robbie was aware that Robbie was borrowing some huge money and hence that is why he needed to lie about the value of his land. Besides, Harry should have not lied in the direction of Robbie since he knew Robbie who is his friend needed additional capital. However, it is up to XYZ bank to prove that Harry was aware of Robbies plan to use the wrong statement to acquire capital. Bibliography Civil Liability Act , 1936. s.l.: South Australia. Dongen, E. G. v. Verdam, H. P., 2016. The Development of the Concept of Contributory Negligence in English Common Law. Utrecht law review, , 12(1), pp. 61-74. Esanda Finance Corporation Limited V Peat Marwick Hungerfords (1997) 142 ALR 750. Goudkamp, J., 2015. Apportionment of Damages for Contributory Negligence: A Fixed or Discretionary Approach?. Legal Studies, , 35(4), pp. 621-647. Janesch v Coffey (1984) 155 CLR 549. Law Reform [Miscellaneous Provisions] Act , 1965. s.l.:s.n. Mulheron, R., 2016. Principles of Tort Law. 1 ed. United Kingdom, UK: Cambridge University Press. Mullis , A. Oliphant, K., 2011. Torts. 4 ed. United Kingdom, UK: Macmillan International Higher Education. Podrebersek v Australian Iron and Steel (1985) HCA 34 . Ramello, G. B. Porrini, D., 2011. Class Action and Financial Markets: Insights from Law and Economics. Journal of Financial Economic Policy, , 3(2), pp. 140-160. Sabapathy, S., 2009. Tort recovery of pure economic loss for defective premises: a comparative analysis. International Journal of Liability and Scientific Enquiry, , 2(1), p. 84. Shaddock V Parramatta City Council (1981) ALR 385. Strong, S. I. Williams, L., 2011. Complete Tort Law: Text, Cases, Materials. 2 ed. Oxford: Oxford Univ. Press. Turkmani v Visvalingam (NSWCA 211) 2009.

Statistical Analysis Of Father-Youth Study Essays - Drug Culture

Statistical Analysis Of Father-Youth Study Introduction The purpose of this study is to ascertain the affects of drug-abusing fathers on the drug usage of their young adolescent children. A special targeted population were chosen for this study; they are the children of drug-abusing fathers who are HIV-positive or at risk for becoming HIV-positive. The major factors used to determine the dependent measure of adolescent marijuana use include certain drug abusing father attributes (i.e., illegal drug use, HIV status, and methods of coping), and adolescent personality which is directly affected by the father-adolescent relationship and environmental factors (see pathway to adolescent marijuana use). The focus of this paper will be on the influences of parent-child relationship, father's marijuana usage and HIV status of the father on the adolescent's marijuana use. These chosen domains (i.e., set of related variables) are a part of the study needed to determine the pattern of relationship between father drug use and adolescent drug use. This research is an extension of an earlier study of the psychosocial factors related to the AIDS-risk behaviors and methods of coping among male injection drug users [e.g., 1]. By focusing on the parental approach, it is hope that this information will allow a father to be a more effective parent and assist him in raising his children in a way that they wouldn't need to turn to drugs to cope with life's difficulties (i.e., having a drug abusing father that is at risk of becoming HIV positive). Methods Participants: Participants were male volunteers recruited from AIDS clinics and methadone maintenance treatment clinics, with a history of drug abuse (i.e., must have engaged in either injection drug use or another form of illicit drug abuse during the past five years). Only those volunteers who agreed to be interviewed along with one of their 13-20-year-old children were recruited for participation. In order to qualify for participation in the study, the men had to be either living with the child or have seen the child at least four times in the past year (majority of the children live with the mother). A total of one hundred and one father-child pairs participated in this study; 71 identified themselves as African-American and 27 identified themselves as White (the other three identified themselves as other). All father participants had used intravenous drugs or illicit drugs (other than marijuana or in addition to marijuana) by a non-injection route of administration within the past five years. Participants that were not considered for this study include those who had AIDS dementia, those who were too sick to participate in the study, and those who had a major psychiatric disorder (i.e., bipolar disorder or schizophrenia). Each patient voluntarily reported his own HIV status. Over 98% of the subjects' reports of their HIV status were confirmed by the ELISA (Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay) and the Western Blot tests. Of the 101 father participants, 38% were HIV positive and 62% were HIV negative. Only children who were already aware of their fathers' HIV status were qualified to participate in the study. Procedure: After providing informed consent, each father-child pair was interviewed for approximately four hours using a structured questionnaire. The interviewers were either counselors or social workers at an AIDS clinic or a methadone maintenance treatment clinic and had extensive experience working with substance abusers and/or HIV positive patients. Every attempt was made to match the participants and the interviewers in terms of their ethnic backgrounds. The interviews were conducted privately and the confidentiality of the data was strictly preserved. Each father-child pair participant was given $50 to compensate for his/her time and expenses. Measures: The scales used in this study were based on their item (question) inter-correlation. These scales were grouped into four domains: Father's attributes, father-child relationship, adolescent's personality, and environmental factors. The father attributes include his HIV status, illegal drug use, and methods of coping with HIV or the risk of having HIV. The measure of the father's illegal drug use was derived from a combined score of the father's report of his illegal drug use and the child's report of the father's illegal drug use. It is found in previous studies that by combining the parent and children's responses to measures provides a greater predictability than using one

How to Write an Analytical Essay on Cost #038; Management Accounting Reporting System

How to Write an Analytical Essay on Cost #038; Management Accounting Reporting System The analytical essay is often thought of as a summary of a piece of work or a topic but in reality it is an analysis, as the name would suggest. You want to prove something big about the work by studying smaller writing techniques used. Introduction The introduction is where you make sure the reader is interested in your work. You need to have three components, as listed above in order to have an effective hook. This is comprised of a single sentence that tells your reader something interesting or something shocking. Many students prefer to introduce a startling statistic or open by asking the reader a rhetorical question. If you can include some controversy and relate that controversial idea to the remainder of your content, then the reader will be hooked. The thesis is where you need to tell your reader the key point, or purpose to your work. Body The body is where you have the most room to change organization. You may, for example, have three key claims you want to present in support of your thesis. You can introduce these claims chronologically, in order of appearance in the work you are analyzing. You can introduce them ranging from strongest to weakest so that the reader goes from being hooked to reading your strongest points. It also adds up to the fact that your body content ends on a high note. No matter what the order of appearance for your content is, you need to allocate one body paragraph for each claim you are making. Within the paragraph you must start with a topic sentence: a sentence that introduces the topic of that paragraph and transitions away from the paragraph above. Then you make your claim and introduce your supporting evidence. It is important here not to just state your evidence, but to state clearly how your evidence ties the claim back to your thesis. This is a common error; many students know clearly how their evidence ties to their thesis but they forget that the reader might not make the same conclusions or follow the same mental path. In order to ensure that each reader follows the same line of thinking as yourself, you must include this direct link in writing. At the end of each body paragraph, you need to provide a transitional sentence that leads the reader away from that thought and onto the next. Conclusion With the body paragraphs complete and the appropriate evidence presented, it is time to wrap up your writing for the reader. Here you want to restate for the reader what your thesis has been and how you have supported that thesis. You want to avoid simply copying and pasting the wording from the rest of your body content, but rather, rephrase it in such a way that you remind the reader not only what claims you made but what evidence you had for those claims. Avoid introducing new material and changing the tone or theme of the work. These are the main parts that demand the most of your attention and concentration. However, those are not all we can offer you: there are also useful facts on management accounting and 20 readymade topics on the same issue that will be extremely handy while writing an analytical essay. If you need professional analytical  essay writing help contact our essay service now!

Analytical Report --blackberry company Research Proposal

Analytical Report --blackberry company - Research Proposal Example It is imperative for BlackBerry to develop a sustainability business model because even the survival of the company is imperiled. Introduction and Global Overview of Issue Research in Motions (RIM) is a leading mobile communication company and the company behind the success of award-winning brand BlackBerry. The product lines of award-winning and innovative BlackBerry includes smartphones and software for both small businesses and enterprises. Research In Motion (RIM) develops the supporting platform and devices of BlackBerry. Research In Motion (RIM) is a Canadian hardware and software company located in Waterloo, Ontario. BlackBerry allows virtual real time communication so that one can stay connected all the time with people and things that matter the most. The chief selling point of BlackBerry is that it provides push email access globally via wireless networks and provides a wireless messaging system. Other factors that contributed for the popularity of BlackBerry are its system atic and comprehensive approach to security. The devices of BlackBerry are versatile and offer range of functions such as email, SMS, telephony, web browsing and so on (O’Connor, n.d.). ... While the BlackBerry has a comprehensive built-in framework for security at both server and device level, it is still prone to various probable attacks (O’Connor, n.d.). The degree of severity of these attacks may vary as per the involvement of user; the backdoor of device allows exporting confidential data from the device itself to be utilized as proxy for attackers. However, the attacks are certainly autonomous and require user to perform number of actions in order to make the attack successful. In addition, the practicality of these attacks largely depends upon the configuration of the current control provided in BlackBerry devices such as IT Policy Setup, Application Control, and Firewall. Usage of these mechanisms of available security, the risks associated with the prior mentioned attacks can be reduced greatly. The prime purpose of this report is to analyze the current strategic position of BlackBerry in the industry of smart-phones. Global smartphone market has become extremely competitive and crowded in recent few years. In the last year, the statistics revealed that the smartphone market is led by Android (Google) having 70.1% share, followed by iOS of Apple at 21%, BlackBerry stands at 3.2% while Windows Phone at 2.6% (Teh, 2013, p. 1). The worldwide growth of smartphones market is 41.7% whereas the BlackBerry has experiences negative growth by declining by 43.1% (Teh, 2013, p. 1). In few words, it can be said that BlackBerry is in predicament. Despite losing market share, BlackBerry still has 79 million users all over the world. Immediate attention based in benefits, usability and features already overcome during the promotion of the latest smartphones offered by BlackBerry that is, BlackBerry 10

Kudler Fine Foods Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Kudler Fine Foods - Research Paper Example This provides opportunity for the company to concentrate on the segments and provide the products and services which were not adequately provided. Marketing research will also give the company a vision to identify the groups in need of their products and services. These demographic groups can be recognized by age, gender and locations, which will have made it easy for the serving company to provide their services and products (Pride and Ferrell 2012). Another important factor, which is the main reason of running a business, is the increase in profits from the sales of products and services. Marketing research will increase the profits of the company since the company will find a way of increasing profit margins by either producing certain products or selling the products to different demographic segmentations. Furthermore, it will provide the company with a vision on what are the impacts of increase in the prices of the different products and services. Marketing research will make a company sell more of its products and services, since the company will identify which place needs certain products and services, the likes and the dislike of the customers and the change in consumer patterns (Pride and Ferrell 2012). ... Question 2 From an analysis on the current research conducted, it is evident that Kudler Fine Foods should also conduct research on the packaging of their products, which will be done by the organization to make the products more presentable to the consumers. An organization can do this by looking for the best and low cost ways of packaging the produce (Kotler et al, 2008). The store can also conduct a motivational research, which can be done by knowing or finding the reasons behind the buying of certain products by the consumers and what prompts them to buy or ignore other products. Kudler Fine Foods should also conduct research on the foreign markets if it is to provide some of its products to international markets (Kerin, Hartley and Rudelius, 2012). They can do so by knowing what the needs in the internationals are, and markets in which competition is already operating in order for it not find a way of venturing into the international market. The company could also conduct an ext ensive research on product brand names and the ways it could affect the consumers and the competitors. Additionally, the company can conduct research on related products for them to ascertain the relationships between these products and the products currently offered (Kotler et al, 2008). This should be supplemented by conducting market research on competing companies, which will provide them with decisions on what to use on their marketing plans. Kudler Fine Foods can also conduct market research about the distribution channels of different products, which will give them a greater chance to discover the best distribution channel for the products and in turns beat the competitors’ ways of distributing its

Roles Of Users, Payers And Buyers

Roles Of Users, Payers And Buyers Consumer behaviour study is based on consumer buying behaviour, with the consumer playing the three distinct roles of users, payer and buyer. Consumer behaviour is the study of when, why, how, and where people do or do not buy products. It blends elements from psychology, sociology, social anthropology and economics. It attempts to understand the buyer decision making process, both individually and in groups. It studies characteristics of individual consumers such as demographics and behavioural variables in an attempt to understand peoples wants. It also tries to assess influences on the consumer from groups such as family, friends, reference groups, and society in general. WHAT IS CONSUMER BEHAVIOUR? Consumer behaviour can be defined as the dynamic interaction of affect and cognition, behaviour, and environmental events by which human beings conduct the exchange aspects of their lives. There are at least three important ideas in this definition: (1) consumer behaviour is dynamic; (2) it involves interaction between affect and cognition, behaviour, and environmental events; and (3) it involves exchange. CONSUMER BEHAVIOUR IS DYNAMIC First, the definition emphasis that consumer behaviour is dynamic. This means individual consumers, consumer groups, and society at large are constantly changing and evolving over time. This has important implications for the study of consumer behaviour as well as for developing marketing strategies. In terms of studying consumer behaviour, one implication is that generalizations about consumer behaviour are usually limited to specific periods of time, products, and individuals or groups. Thus, students of consumer behaviour must be careful not to over- generalize theories and research findings. In terms of developing marketing strategies, the dynamic nature of consumer behaviour implies that one should not expect the same marketing strategy to work all the time across all products, markets, and industries. While this may seem obvious, many companies have failed to recognize the need to adapt their strategies in different markets. Further, a strategy that is successful at one point may fail miserably at another point because of the dynamism of the consumers and the markets, and this is what makes marketing strategy development such an exciting , yet challenging, task. DATABASE MARKETING Many companies have developed extensive database that allow them to target individual consumers. Here are a few of them: NESTLE chose to launch a new pasta product through the post rather than through television. It is cheaper for them to develop a database of the right socioeconomic profile of pasta-eaters than it is to promote via television. UNILEVER uses database marketing to target their loyal customers, trying to make loyalty last. In Sweden, they are creating a database with users of their Organics shampoo on the basis of participants in a recent competition. They have also sent out samples of a new Dove sensitive crà ¨me douche to target segments in order to create awareness. CONSUMER BEHAVIOUR INVOLVES INTERACTIONS A second important point emphasized in the definition of consumer behaviour is that it involves interactions between affect and cognition, behaviour, and environmental events. This means that to understand consumers and develop superior marketing strategies, we must understand what they think (cognition) and feel (affect), what they do (behaviour), and the things and places (environmental events) that influence and are influenced by what consumers think, feel, and do. Whether we are evaluating a single consumer, a target market, or an entire society, analysis of all three elements is useful for understanding and developing marketing strategies. CONSUMER BEHAVIOUR INVOLVES EXCHANGES A final point emphasized in the definition of consumer behaviour is that it involves exchanges between human beings. This makes the definition of consumer behaviour consistent with current definitions of marketing that also emphasize exchange. In fact, the role of marketing is to create exchanges with consumers by formulating and implementing marketing strategies. APPROACHES TO CONSUMER BEHAVIOUR RESEARCH Two broad groups are interested in consumer behaviour a basic research group and an action-oriented group. The basic research group is mainly composed of academic researchers interested in studying consumer behaviour as a way of developing a unique body of knowledge about this aspect of human behaviour. These researchers have backgrounds in anthropology, sociology, psychology, economics, and marketing, as well as other fields. The majority of published work on consumer behaviour is basic research, and this work forms the foundation of our text. Because researchers dealing with consumer behaviour have different backgrounds, the way in which they analyse consumer behaviour, the topics they concentrate on, the kind of theories they develop, and the kind of research methods they employ differ as well. Some consumer research is very qualitative, with an emphasis on understanding a particular consumption event, a particular familys consumer behaviour, or the success of a particular brand based on the context in which these phenomena occur and on the history leading up to the occurrence of the phenomenon. Other consumer research concentrates on finding regularities in consumer behaviour that apply in a broad variety of contexts across time and space, such as the effect of personal involvement in a purchase, on information seeking behaviour or the effect of sales promotions on shopping behaviour in supermarkets. CONSUMER AFFECT AND COGNITION Consumer affect and cognition refer to two types of mental responses consumers have to stimuli and events in their environment. Affect refers to their feelings about stimuli and events, such as whether they like or dislike a product. Cognition refers to their thinking, such as beliefs about a particular product. Affective responses can be favourable or unfavourable and vary in intensity. For instance, affect includes relatively intense emotions, such as love or anger; less strong feeling states such as satisfaction or frustration; moods such as boredom or relaxation, and milder overall attitudes, such as liking McDonalds chips or disliking Bic pens. Marketers typically develop strategies to create positive affect for their products and brands to increase the chances that consumers will buy them. Cognition refers to the mental structures and processes involved in thinking, understanding, and interpreting stimuli and events. It includes the knowledge, meaning, and beliefs that consumers have developed from their experience and stored in their memories. It also includes the processes associated with paying attention to and understanding stimuli and events, remembering past events, forming evaluations, and making purchasing decisions and choices. While many aspects of cognition are conscious thinking processes, others are essentially automatic. SOME BASIC QUESTIONS ABOUT CONSUMER AFFECT AND COGNITION 1. How do consumers interpret information about marketing stimuli such as products, stores, and advertising? 2. How do consumers choose among alternative product classes, products, and brands? 3. How do consumers form evaluations of products and brands? 4. How does memory affect consumer decision making? 5. How do affect and cognition influence behaviour and environments? CONSUMER BEHAVIOUR Behaviour refers to the physical actions of actions of consumers that can be directly observed and measured by others. It is also called overt behaviour to distinguish it from mental activities, such as thinking, that cannot be observed directly. Examples of behaviour include shopping at stores, buying products, or using credit cards. Behaviour is critical for marketing strategy because it is only through behaviour that sales can be made and profits earned. While many marketing strategies are designed to influence consumers affect and cognition, these strategies must ultimately result in overt consumer behaviour for them to have value for the company. It is therefore critical for marketers to analyse, understand, and influence overt behaviour. SOME BASIC QUESTIONS ABOUT CONSUMER BEHAVIOURS 1. How do behaviour approaches differ from affective and cognitive approaches to studying consumer behaviour? 2. What is classical conditioning, and how is it used by marketers to influence consumer behaviour? 3. What is operant conditioning, and how is it used by marketers to influence consumer behaviour? 4. What is vicarious learning, and how is it used by marketers to influence consumer behaviour? 5. What consumer behaviours are of interest to marketing management? CONSUMER ENVIRONMENT The consumer environment refers to everything external to consumers that influence what they think, feel, and do. It includes social stimuli that influence consumers, such as the actions of others in cultures, subcultures, social classes, reference groups, and families. It also includes other physical stimuli, such as stores, products, advertisements, and signs which can change consumers thoughts, feelings, and actions. The consumer environment is important for marketing strategy because it is the medium in which stimuli are placed to influence consumers. For example, marketers run commercials during TV programmes that their target markets watch in order to inform, persuade, and remind them to buy certain products and brands. SOME BASIC QUESTIONS ABOUT CONSUMER ENVIRONMENT 1. In what physical environments do consumer behaviours occur? 2. How do environments affect consumers affect and cognition and behaviour? 3. How do consumers affect and cognition and behaviour affect the environment? 4. What effect does culture have on consumers? 5. What effect does subculture have on consumers? RELATIONSHIPS AMONG AFFECT AND COGNITION, BEHAVIOUR, AND THE ENVIRONMENT Each of the three elements can be either a cause or an effect of a change in the other element. For example, a consumer might see an advert for a new laundry detergent that promises to wash clothes cleaner than OMO. This might change what the consumer thinks about the new brand and lead to a purchase of it. In this case, a change in the consumers environment (the advert for the new detergent), led to a change in cognition (the consumer believed the new detergent was better) which led to a change in behaviour (the consumer bought the new brand). Another possibility is that a consumer might be dissatisfied with his or her current brand of laundry detergent. On the consumers next trip to the grocery, other brands are inspected, and one that promises to get white clothes whiter is selected. In this example, a change in affect and cognition (dissatisfaction) leads to a change in the consumers environment (inspecting other brands) which leads to change in behaviour (purchase of a different brand). While there are other ways changes could occur, these examples serve to illustrate our view of consumers. Namely, that not only do consumer processes involve a dynamic and interactive system, but they are also a reciprocal system. A reciprocal system is one in which any of the elements could be either a cause or an effect of a change at any particular time. Affect and cognition could change consumers behaviour and environment; behaviours could change consumers affect, cognitions and environments. Environments can change consumers affect, cognition and behaviour. There are five implications of viewing consumer processes as a reciprocal system involving affect and cognition, behaviour, and the environment. First, any comprehensive analyses of consumers must consider all three elements and the relationships of them. Description of consumers in terms of only one or two of the elements is incomplete. Second, it is important to recognize that any of the three elements may be the starting point for consumer analysis. While we think that marketing strategists should start with an analysis of the specific overt behaviours consumers must perform to achieve marketing objectives, useful analyses could start with affect and cognition by researching what consumers think and feel about such things as the various brands of a product. Third, since this view is dynamic, it recognises that consumers can continuously change. While some consumers may change little during a particular time period, others may frequently change their affect, cognition, behaviour, and environments. Keeping abreast of consumers therefore involves continuous research to detect changes that could influence marketing strategies. Fourth, while our example focused on a single consumer, consumer analysis can be applied at several levels. It can be used to analyse not only a single consumer, but also a group of consumers that make up a target market, a larger group of consumers which make up all of the purchasers of a product in an industry, or for an entire society. Finally, this framework for analysing consumers highlights the importance of consumer research and analysis in developing marketing strategies. Consumer research and analysis should be key activities for developing marketing strategies. Consumer research includes many types of study such as test marketing, advertising pre-tests, sales promotion effects, analysis of sales and market share data, pricing experiments, traffic and shopping patterns, brand attitude and intentions, and many others. Consumer research and analysis should not end when a strategy has been implemented. Rather research should continue to investigate the effects of the strategy and whether it could be changed to be more effective. Thus, marketing strategy should involve a continuous process of researching and analysing consumers, developing strategies, implementing them, and continuously improving strategies. INFORMATION SEARCH Once the consumer has recognized a problem, they search for information on products and services that can solve that problem. Sources of information include: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Personal sources à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Commercial sources à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Public sources à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Personal experience The relevant internal psychological process that is associated with information search is perception. Perception is defined as the process by which an individual receives, selects, organizes, and interprets information to create a meaningful picture of the world. THE SELECTIVE PERCEPTION PROCESS Stage Description à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Selective exposure consumers select which promotional messages they will expose themselves to. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Selective attention consumers select which promotional messages they will pay attention to. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Selective comprehension consumers interpret messages in line with their beliefs, attitudes, motives and experiences. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Selective retention consumers remember messages that are more meaningful or important to them. The implications of this process help develop an effective promotional strategy, and select which sources of information are more effective for the brand. INFORMATION EVALUATION At this time the consumer compares the brands and products that are in their evoked set. How can the marketing organization increase the likelihood that their brand is part of the consumers evoked (consideration) set? Consumers evaluate alternatives in terms of the functional and psychological benefits that they offer. The marketing organization needs to understand what benefits consumers are seeking and therefore which attributes are most important in terms of making a decision. PURCHASE DECISION Once the alternatives have been evaluated, the consumer is ready to make a purchase decision. Sometimes purchase intention does not result in an actual purchase. The marketing organization must facilitate the consumer to act on their purchase intention. The provision of credit or payment terms may encourage purchase, or a sales promotion such as the opportunity to receive a premium or enter a competition may provide an incentive to buy now. The relevant internal psychological process that is associated with purchase decision is integration. POSTPURCHASE EVALUATION It is common for customers to experience concerns after making a purchase decision. This arises from a concept that is known as cognitive dissonance. The customer, having bought a product, may feel that an alternative would have been preferable. In these circumstances that customer will not repurchase immediately, but is likely to switch brands next time. To manage the post-purchase stage, it is the job of the marketing team to persuade the potential customer that the product will satisfy his or her needs. Then after having made a purchase, the customer should be encouraged that he or she has made the right decision. It is not affected by advertisement. INTERNAL INFLUENCES Consumer behaviour is influenced by: demographics, psychographics (lifestyle), personality, motivation, knowledge, attitudes, beliefs, and feelings. Consumer behaviour concern with consumer need consumer actions in the direction of satisfying needs leads to his behaviour of every individual depend on thinking process. EXTERNAL INFLUENCES Consumer behaviour is influenced by: culture, sub-culture, locality, royalty, ethnicity, family, social class, reference groups, lifestyle, and market mix factors. MARKETING STRATEGY From a consumer point of view, a marketing strategy is a set of stimuli placed in consumers environments designed to influence their affect, cognition, and behaviour. These stimuli include such things as products, brands, packaging, advertisements, coupons, stores, credit cards, price tags, salespeoples communications, and in some cases sounds (music), smells (perfume), and other sensory cues. Clearly, marketing strategies should not only be designed to influence consumers, but should also be influenced by them. For example, if research shows that consumers are disgusted (affect and cognition) with the advertisements for Armani jeans, the company may want to change its adverts to better appeal to the market. If research shows that consumers in the target market do not shop (behaviour) in stores where a companys product is featured, then the distribution strategy may have to be changed. If the research shows that consumers want to be able to get information from a companys homepage (environment) and none exists, the company may want to create one. Thus marketing strategies should be developed, implemented, and changed based on consumer research and analysis. REFRENCES: Peter J .P, Olson J.C and Grunert K .G (1999) Consumer Behaviour and Marketing Strategy, McGraw-Hill, Berkshire, England. Schiffman L .G and Kanuk L .L (1995) Consumer Behaviour, Prentice-Hall of India, New Delhi. INTERNET SOURCES: Consumer Behaviour curled from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/consumer_behaviour Consumer Psychologist curled from http://www.consumerpsychologist.com/ THE ROLE OF CONSUMER BEHAVIOUR IN STRATEGIC MARKETING COMMUNICATION à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Consumer Affect and Cognition à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Consumer Behaviour à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Consumer Environment

So far, so Good… So What! – Creative Writing

It was 5 hours before the concert, we knew this wogtuld be our last chance to practice our lineup. My stomach curled up into a ball and turned itself upside down. Suddenly a thought struck me straight in the eye. â€Å"I forgot my damn clothes!† I screamed. â€Å"Well get back to your house and bring them here, we only have 2 more hours to practice till this place opens.† Adel said to me. â€Å"What! I thought we had 5 hours left, what's happening?† A more tense me blurted out. â€Å"The arcade opens at 7 and we play at 9. They said they wanted us out by 6 so they could get the stage ready.† â€Å"Oh ok, listen up I'm goin' to have to run back to my house 'cause I don't have a ride now. I'll catch you guys later.† I picked up my new, supposedly, waterproof and shockproof Nokia, the 6250. It was my pride and joy, until it fell down the stairs and found the screen smashed. I chuckled to myself, knowing it wasn't the end of the world. I pulled my socks up, tied my boots as tight as possible and pulled my pants up to the proper height. Two minutes running put my spirit down, I slowed to a fast walk, panting like I'd just ran a marathon. Altogether it took ten minutes of fast walking to arrive on my doorstep. Upon ringing the bell, my maid came tumbling outside and opened the door for me. I ran considerably slowly into my house, up the stairs and into my bedroom. The door creaked behind me and the noise sliced through my brain like a hot knife through butter. After a quick squeal I picked up my phone and called another member of my band, Khalid. â€Å"Yo man,† I said â€Å"I'm back home now and I'm just changing here and I'll be back.† â€Å"Ok then, just don't be too long,† He said. With that note I hung up the phone and turned on my CD player. Ran into a quick shower, put some fresh black jeans on, threw a black shirt on and picked up my leather jacket. Flying down the stairs, turning a sharp corner and falling over I reached the bathroom where my gel is kept. 5 minutes later I left my house with 4-inch spikes of black hair on my head. My mum sat down in the car and I jumped into it. I suddenly realized how tense I was. All of the 5 minute ride I was quickly going over the words of the song Trust by Megadeth in my head. It was 4:45 when I got back to â€Å"photon planet†. I could hear my band playing a different song. Fear struck my heart, the lineup had changed while I was away. â€Å"What the hell are you guys doing?† I screamed at Adel. â€Å"We've changed around a bit. I'll teach you the songs now.† He replied calmly to me. â€Å"Ok, do it fast,† I said. I picked up my guitar and plugged in through my Zoom Multi FX pedal. I jammed a harsh power chord and my heart sunk further. Someone had been playing with the heavy metal effects that had taken 2 hours of my time to set. Adel came running over and Ahmed jumped to the floor with Khalid. I fell onto the ground with a feeling of dread building up inside me. Quickly running through the 50 different pedals all miniaturized and packed into one box with lots of buttons. I knew from that moment that my guitar would be useless without the pedal. I lay back on the ground and a cigarette was pushed into my mouth. The worst filth in the world was soaring out of my mouth like a million rockets firing one after another. â€Å"Calm down man,† said Ahmed â€Å"just forget about playing the guitar today ok. Don't worry about a thing you'll play next time.† â€Å"But man this is so screwed up my day sucks!† I said with an insane laugh. â€Å"Hey guys get out of here with the smokes the manager's coming!† We pushed and shoved each other screaming and laughing to the fire exit. Down seemed like the right way to go. We all collapsed into a heap at the bottom of the stairs laughing and screeching like a bunch of halfwits. I started singing at the top of my voice, the adrenalin rush made me feel great. Azam came running down the stairs holding a tray full of drinks in one hand a guitar in the other. â€Å"I got us all a hot chocolate before we get up there. I just finished setting us all up on the mixer, its going to be great!† said Azam. â€Å"Aiiite!† we all screamed in unison, remembering the Ali G show we watched the night before! A few minutes later all hell broke loose upstairs. The official opening had happened. People were stampeding around the new arcade, playing games, flying all over the roof on the roller coaster and others just looking and causing chaos. Lauren came running down the stairs followed closely by Alice and Alyaa. I started laughing and said â€Å"I thought I was well hidden down here, how did you find me?† â€Å"Haji told us,† replied Lauren. â€Å"Oh ok. It's all good!† I just managed to laugh out. â€Å"We have half an hour till the show, learn the rest of the words.† Said Khalid The half hour passed in ten minutes, or that is how it seemed to me. Still unclear of all the words I ran up to the stage still running over and over in my head. Horror was before my eyes, hundreds of people were there. I looked closely and the whole of my gang was there. Without warning the song started. With the microphone in my hand it felt great. I sang, the words were on the floor in front of me. A gust of nowhere wind picked up the sheets and took them to the edge of the stage. At this point, I panicked, I started to sing the first words that came into my head. I could feel eyes burning into my flesh, I was shaking like a massage machine. I could hear the last verse coming to an end. I stood up straight and screamed, â€Å"TRUST†. I left the stage quietly and handed the microphone to the second singer. â€Å"Go up there and do the Spanish singing you do it better than anyone.† I quickly blurted out in Arabic. â€Å"Ok Jim!† he said. After that quick talk I ran over to Alice and nearly fainted from shock! I said a quick goodbye and left, never to be seen again.

Characteristics of a Good Research Problem

A research problem is a statement that provides the context for a research study.As stated by Brewer & Hughes, (2005).â€Å"Research problems indicate gaps in the scope or the certainty of our knowledge† (Brewer & Hughes, 2005, p. 39).They point to problematic phenomena, observed events that are puzzling in terms of our currently accepted ideas, or current ideas that are challenged by new hypotheses (Dissertation Mentoring Services, 2013).The research problem is the start of bringing to light and introducing the problem that the research will conclude with an answer. Further, according to Ellis and Levy (2008) the research problem is the initial phase in the scientific method. The methodology that is utilized should be applicable for the problem that guides the research. The methodology yields the outcomes of the study, which in turn produces the support required to facilitate the findings (Ellis & Levy, 2008). The purpose of this paper is to examine the characteristics of a r esearch problem.The focus is on the elements of what constitutes a researchable problem, the components of a well formed Statement of Research Problem, as well as what constitutes a reasonable theoretical framework for the need of the study. As stated by Leedy and Ormrod, (2005) â€Å"The research problem is the axis around which the whole research effort revolves (Leedy and Ormrod, 2005, p. 49). † Viable research cannot be deemed important without a well-defined understanding of why the research has been performed. There are several components that make research of noteworthy importance, such as the research needs to be researchable and manageable in size.Other characteristics include the degree of how the research will influence future research and other researchers by whether or not the findings will make a contribution to the body of knowledge, the explanation of the data and make a difference for others (Dissertation101 Mentoring Services, 2013). Influence of the researc h. Good research should advance the field in which it is geared toward as well as build on the current body of available research. The impact does not have to be huge, but it must be identifiable. The study should reveal how the researcher intends to take a different viewpoint and or direction.According to Leedy and Ormrod (2010) the research should direct the philosophy in different perceptions, as well as inspire further research to be conducted as it relates to the topic (Leedy & Ormrod, 2010). The advancement should reflect how the new methodologies will be used, along with the other current work, to help to better come to a conclusion in order to solve the problem (Brewer & Hunter, 2006). The problem is researchable and manageable in size. It is imperative to select a topic that is doable and that will allow many opportunities to conduct adequate primary research.Limitations such as the availability of answers should also be considered when thinking of a research problem. Addit ionally, time and expenses are of concern. Considering how long it will take to conduct the research is important as is whether or not the researcher has enough background knowledge to carry out the research, which may cause delays. The budget is a major factor and taking into consideration the kinds of tasks that will be needed, any paid assistants, specialized equipment, or software that needs to be created and/or acquired will help in estimating the amount of funds that will be needed to conduct the research.Explanation of the dataSince research requires data, it is important during the planning that the researcher analyzes beforehand whether or not any data related to the research problem can be produced. If not, then the research problem and the question may need to be changed. The decision of whether to use qualitative or quantitative data is important and based on the type of research. Once the data has been collected, the researcher must have a way to communicate the results .The data must be organized in a way that it merges the existing data with the new data to determine the quality based on the guidelines for collecting the data. Components of a Statement of Research Problem Essentially, the problem statement provides the basis for the research. The statement of the research problem reflects the general concern that leads to the specific problem and must be factual and clearly stated. Accordingly, it must be a brief precise description, which sets the premise for the problem to be studied.It distinguishes and states the underlying problems, if any and outlines the hypotheses, along with the research questions (Dissertation101 Mentoring Services, 2013). Precise, factual and clearly stated. Researcher seek to answer a question or to find a solution to a problem. Providing factual information to introduce the problem will change the perspective of what people think or know about the problem. As well the research should speak to the literature that is p revalent and to what is missing from this literature.Therefore, a statement of the problem needs to be precisely stated in one or two sentences that outlines the problem of the research. The statement of the problem should also address the question (Levy & Ellis, 2008). As stated by Levy and Ellis, (2008) â€Å"The problem statement is the statement of the problem and the argumentation for its viability. It should address all six questions, what, how, where, when, why, and who (Levy & Ellis, 2008, p. 27)†. Underlying sub-problems.Often times, research problems are too significant or very complicated be solved without breaking them down into smaller parts. The parts of the big problem are known as the sub-problems. The sub-problems make up a researchable component that will form together to equal the summation of the main problem. Division of the main problem is the fourth characteristic of formal research (Leedy & Ormrod, 2005). Presenting a hypothesis or research questions. The researcher must prepare a hypothesis related to the expectations what will be true of the results and conclusions of the study.The research problem, the goals, and the associated research questions and/or hypotheses are entwined in that a research goal is the main focus of the research that will be used to speak to the problem. Additionally, research questions help to simplify the goals into definite questions that the researcher would like answered (Creswell, 2005). According to Leedy and Ormrod (2005) by obtaining the answers to the research questions, the goals of the research will be satisfied and an impact regarding solving the problem has been made (Leedy & Ormrod, 2005).There has to be a recognizable association between the answers to the research questions and the research problem motivating the study (Ellis & Levy, 2008). A Problem Statement is based on a thorough review of the relevant literature and ongoing research. As stated by Leedy and Ormrod, (2005) â€Å"one es sential strategy is to find out what things are already known about your topic of interest; little can be gained by reinventing the wheel (Leedy and Ormrod, 2005, p. 51). † This provides the basis for a theoretical framework for the foundations and worthiness of the research problem.Theoretical Framework for the StudyTheoretical framework is the theory which enlightens and expounds the problem to be researched. The theory will also be used to observe the results. New theories solve research problems by explaining inexplicable occurrences and by overriding the uncertainty of older theories. The current theory directs researchers in creating and communicating research problems. In determining whether and in what respects a theory is problematic, researchers consider the context of accrued theoretical and experimental knowledge.The theories that appear to be challenging when observed in that context are then researched (Ellis & Levy, 2008). While the findings of research may be u nexpected, the research itself is planned. It is grounded in a theory. There should be a theoretical connection between the problem guiding the research and the research that is being directed to speak to that problem (Ellis & Levy, 2008).ConclusionA research problem statement is a concise description of a problem or challenge that does not currently have an adequate solution available, therefore, making it worthy of research. A problem statement refers to an issue that is focused on by the topic. It is, in essence, a situation that is in need of a solution. A well communicated problem drives the research. A statement of the research problem must be specific but brief and not something that refers to an isolated occurrence.It must be researchable and manageable while addressing the sub-problems and creating a hypothesis and research questions. The statement of the problem should introduce how the research develops from previous theory and how it may be able to add to the development of new theory in which to make advancements, realizing that ultimately, the purpose of research is to add to the knowledge of how the world operates in our quest to improve and expand our understanding.