Statistical Analysis Of Father-Youth Study Essays - Drug Culture

Statistical Analysis Of Father-Youth Study Introduction The purpose of this study is to ascertain the affects of drug-abusing fathers on the drug usage of their young adolescent children. A special targeted population were chosen for this study; they are the children of drug-abusing fathers who are HIV-positive or at risk for becoming HIV-positive. The major factors used to determine the dependent measure of adolescent marijuana use include certain drug abusing father attributes (i.e., illegal drug use, HIV status, and methods of coping), and adolescent personality which is directly affected by the father-adolescent relationship and environmental factors (see pathway to adolescent marijuana use). The focus of this paper will be on the influences of parent-child relationship, father's marijuana usage and HIV status of the father on the adolescent's marijuana use. These chosen domains (i.e., set of related variables) are a part of the study needed to determine the pattern of relationship between father drug use and adolescent drug use. This research is an extension of an earlier study of the psychosocial factors related to the AIDS-risk behaviors and methods of coping among male injection drug users [e.g., 1]. By focusing on the parental approach, it is hope that this information will allow a father to be a more effective parent and assist him in raising his children in a way that they wouldn't need to turn to drugs to cope with life's difficulties (i.e., having a drug abusing father that is at risk of becoming HIV positive). Methods Participants: Participants were male volunteers recruited from AIDS clinics and methadone maintenance treatment clinics, with a history of drug abuse (i.e., must have engaged in either injection drug use or another form of illicit drug abuse during the past five years). Only those volunteers who agreed to be interviewed along with one of their 13-20-year-old children were recruited for participation. In order to qualify for participation in the study, the men had to be either living with the child or have seen the child at least four times in the past year (majority of the children live with the mother). A total of one hundred and one father-child pairs participated in this study; 71 identified themselves as African-American and 27 identified themselves as White (the other three identified themselves as other). All father participants had used intravenous drugs or illicit drugs (other than marijuana or in addition to marijuana) by a non-injection route of administration within the past five years. Participants that were not considered for this study include those who had AIDS dementia, those who were too sick to participate in the study, and those who had a major psychiatric disorder (i.e., bipolar disorder or schizophrenia). Each patient voluntarily reported his own HIV status. Over 98% of the subjects' reports of their HIV status were confirmed by the ELISA (Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay) and the Western Blot tests. Of the 101 father participants, 38% were HIV positive and 62% were HIV negative. Only children who were already aware of their fathers' HIV status were qualified to participate in the study. Procedure: After providing informed consent, each father-child pair was interviewed for approximately four hours using a structured questionnaire. The interviewers were either counselors or social workers at an AIDS clinic or a methadone maintenance treatment clinic and had extensive experience working with substance abusers and/or HIV positive patients. Every attempt was made to match the participants and the interviewers in terms of their ethnic backgrounds. The interviews were conducted privately and the confidentiality of the data was strictly preserved. Each father-child pair participant was given $50 to compensate for his/her time and expenses. Measures: The scales used in this study were based on their item (question) inter-correlation. These scales were grouped into four domains: Father's attributes, father-child relationship, adolescent's personality, and environmental factors. The father attributes include his HIV status, illegal drug use, and methods of coping with HIV or the risk of having HIV. The measure of the father's illegal drug use was derived from a combined score of the father's report of his illegal drug use and the child's report of the father's illegal drug use. It is found in previous studies that by combining the parent and children's responses to measures provides a greater predictability than using one

How to Write an Analytical Essay on Cost #038; Management Accounting Reporting System

How to Write an Analytical Essay on Cost #038; Management Accounting Reporting System The analytical essay is often thought of as a summary of a piece of work or a topic but in reality it is an analysis, as the name would suggest. You want to prove something big about the work by studying smaller writing techniques used. Introduction The introduction is where you make sure the reader is interested in your work. You need to have three components, as listed above in order to have an effective hook. This is comprised of a single sentence that tells your reader something interesting or something shocking. Many students prefer to introduce a startling statistic or open by asking the reader a rhetorical question. If you can include some controversy and relate that controversial idea to the remainder of your content, then the reader will be hooked. The thesis is where you need to tell your reader the key point, or purpose to your work. Body The body is where you have the most room to change organization. You may, for example, have three key claims you want to present in support of your thesis. You can introduce these claims chronologically, in order of appearance in the work you are analyzing. You can introduce them ranging from strongest to weakest so that the reader goes from being hooked to reading your strongest points. It also adds up to the fact that your body content ends on a high note. No matter what the order of appearance for your content is, you need to allocate one body paragraph for each claim you are making. Within the paragraph you must start with a topic sentence: a sentence that introduces the topic of that paragraph and transitions away from the paragraph above. Then you make your claim and introduce your supporting evidence. It is important here not to just state your evidence, but to state clearly how your evidence ties the claim back to your thesis. This is a common error; many students know clearly how their evidence ties to their thesis but they forget that the reader might not make the same conclusions or follow the same mental path. In order to ensure that each reader follows the same line of thinking as yourself, you must include this direct link in writing. At the end of each body paragraph, you need to provide a transitional sentence that leads the reader away from that thought and onto the next. Conclusion With the body paragraphs complete and the appropriate evidence presented, it is time to wrap up your writing for the reader. Here you want to restate for the reader what your thesis has been and how you have supported that thesis. You want to avoid simply copying and pasting the wording from the rest of your body content, but rather, rephrase it in such a way that you remind the reader not only what claims you made but what evidence you had for those claims. Avoid introducing new material and changing the tone or theme of the work. These are the main parts that demand the most of your attention and concentration. However, those are not all we can offer you: there are also useful facts on management accounting and 20 readymade topics on the same issue that will be extremely handy while writing an analytical essay. If you need professional analytical  essay writing help contact our essay service now!